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Bob Ubell of
Stevens Tech notes that wherever he makes presentations about
online learning, "inevitably, faculty and administrators at schools
everywhere raise the specter of cheating online as a serious
obstacle to faculty acceptance of online education." The issue
of academic integrity is not unique to online education. Carole
Hayes of Florida State University observes that, "in
any situation, anyone who is really compelled to cheat will
find a way" whatever the course delivery mode, and most online
learning practitioners would agree with Boria
Sax of Mercy College that "no security system is ever
likely to be foolproof." Nevertheless, many practitioners
also agree with Terri
Buckner of the University of North Carolina that online
education has to meet a higher standard for demonstrating academic
integrity than occurs in the F2F classroom, reflecting the
notion that online education is more susceptible than traditional
instruction to cheating and other breaches of academic integrity.
Although this notion may be based more on perception than reality, Ray
Schroeder of the University of Illinois-Springfield comments
that F2F students are rarely asked to present identification for
taking exams in large-lecture classroom courses, whereas online students
routinely do so when they take proctored exams. Online educators
address this perception as they develop ways to protect academic
integrity in online education. |
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Sloan-C institutions
use a variety of strategies to encourage academic integrity
among online learners. Requiring an academic honesty pledge
is an increasingly popular strategy, and many schools use proctoring
systems to ensure integrity. Carole
Hayes reports that Florida State University has
instituted an approval process for test proctoring all over
the world, even aboard aircraft carriers at sea (see http://online.fsu.
edu/learningresources/proctoredexam for details).
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David
Sachs notes that Pace University has used proctored
mid-term and final exams for the past 5 years. Students nominate
local proctors, who must notarize their adherence to academic
integrity procedures. Online students at Stevens Tech take their
final exams in proctored environments at commercially available
sites in the US and abroad.
Other
institutions have taken a different tack in addressing academic
integrity, relying instead on strategies which do not require
proctoring systems. The University of Cincinnati's Early
Childhood associate degree program has eliminated tests altogether,
according
to Lisa Holstrom. Written essays, research
papers, reflection papers, summaries, and other original
work are used for assessments
because "we feel that these assessments are a much better
measure of what students have learned and how they have applied
it." Lisa
notes that this approach equalizes the problem of guaranteeing
authenticity that exists in both "brick" and "click" classrooms,
although it does not eliminate it. Al Powell of
Colorado State University also questions why tests have to
be "high-security," noting
that most real-world tasks are "open-book" which require
applying the results of quick research, and that well-designed
tests
that allow students to do this can be effective. Mike
Kolitsky of
Atlantic Cape Community College applies this strategy in
the course he teaches, allowing students to use open-book
materials
but structuring tests so that students who rely excessively
on these materials are unable to complete exams within prescribed
time periods. Jacquie Moloney of The University
of Massachusetts-Lowell finds that strategies that enable
faculty to know their students'
abilities are the most effective way to eliminate cheating.
Many institutions
use a combination of methods to preserve exam integrity, and
some have also created resources to help faculty and students
learn more about academic integrity such as the University
of Maryland University College's Virtual Academic Integrity
Lab (VAIL). See VAIL's
resources for faculty and for students at: http://www.umuc.edu/distance/
odell/cip/vail/home.html.
Proactive approaches such as these protect academic integrity
in online education as they
do in traditional delivery modes. Moreover, the continuous
growth and expanded reach of online programs compel institutions
to share more resources for academic integrity, and this issue's
Opportunities column invites
you to participate in one such initiative.
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